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Most experts agree the dietary needs of the elderly change as each year
passes. While a balanced diet is important for all ages, it becomes
difficult and even more important to maintain as the years pass. The aging
body uses fewer calories for energy. Metabolic rates, such as breathing and
heartbeat, slow. Also, the elderly become less active.
In addition, the senses of taste and smell are reduced with age so food is
less appealing. Chewing and swallowing problems can develop because less
saliva is produced. Mix in any problems with teeth or dentures and eating
can become a challenging experience.
General nutrition
The following are general recommendations for nutritional needs of the
elderly. You should consult your doctor, dietitian, or nutritionist to help
you determine the nutritional needs of your elderly friend or relative.
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Liquid intake for the elderly is critical because of the increased risk
of dehydration. Elderly people should drink 6 to 8 cups of non-caffeinated
fluid each day. (Beverages with caffeine are rushed out of the body quickly
and much of the liquid is not absorbed.)
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Aging can cause a weaker "thirst signal." Older people may have to remind
themselves to drink healthy liquids.
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Eat high-fiber foods to promote good digestion and help prevent constipation.
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Be sure to include enough calcium to help prevent bone loss,
deterioration, or osteoporosis (brittle bones). Ohio State University's
Human Nutrition and Food Management extension reports women are taking less
than half of the calcium they need in their diets (400 mg per day vs. 800
mg per day).
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To help keep bones strong, aging women should be more conscious of milk
or milk-by products plus certain vegetables like legumes, lentils and
greens that are high in calcium. Walking and vitamin D from the sun are
also helpful.
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The American Dietetic Association recommends men reduce fat and alcohol
intake and add more dark green and yellow vegetables to their diets.
Basic Food Group Requirements
The Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service recommends breaking
down the food groups this way:
Food group |
Requirement |
Choices |
| Meat/ proteins | Two servings/ day | Eggs, cheese, ground meat, tuna, cottage cheese, peanut butter |
| Grains | Four servings/day | Breads, cereals, pastas, grits, muffins |
| Milk products | Two servings/day | Milk, yogurt, milk shakes, custard |
| Fruits/ vegetables | Four servings/day | Juice, raw fruit, canned fruit, raw, canned and cooked vegetables |
When food is hard to chew:
- Use gravy, broth, sauce or syrup to moisten food.
- Dunk food in beverages or take a drink of beverage with each bite of food.
Creative seasoning to taste
The American Dietetic Association recommends using seasonings to make foods
taste and smell more enticing. Here are some spices they recommend:
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Basil, oregano, Italian seasoning: Adds new flavors to poultry, pastas
and vegetables.
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Bay leaf: Added to soup or food cooked in sauce, it brings out aroma and
flavor.
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Nutmeg: Can help carrots, squash and creamed spinach taste better.
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Sage: Is a good-smelling addition to poultry and related foods as well
as stuffing.
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Thyme: Another way of making meat or vegetables taste more interesting.
Of course, one ingredient that makes any food more enjoyable is good
company. Many elderly people have a better appetite when they dine with a friend.
And sometimes making a meal becomes a chore for the elderly person. Local
senior citizens centers and similar facilities offer alternatives to cooking
meals. Meals on Wheels also may be available in many areas.
If you're helping to care for an elderly friend or loved one, make a
healthy and balanced diet a priority to help them get the most out of life.
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